Research
Thymosin Alpha 1 Melanoma Trial: What It Found
Two groups reached the target for tumor shrinkage in this 488-person study. A survival benefit was not established, and cancer care has changed since then.
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What Is an IRB? What Ethics Review Actually Means
An institutional review board checks how a human study treats its participants. Its approval concerns the research plan, not proof that a treatment works.
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Dorothy Hodgkin Insulin Structure: The 1969 Map
Hodgkin's team mapped insulin's shape in 1969. Its building-block order was already known, and her Nobel Prize had come five years earlier.
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What Is a Surrogate Endpoint? Reading Results
A surrogate endpoint stands in for a health outcome. Here's how to tell a changed lab result from evidence that someone feels or functions better.
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When Was Zepbound Approved? November 8, 2023
Zepbound’s weight-management approval dates to November 8, 2023. Its later sleep-apnea use, devices, label changes, and Medicare access each have their own timeline.
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DSIP 1992 Insomnia Study: Weak Effects on Sleep
In 16 people with chronic insomnia, DSIP showed weak changes on sleep recordings but no improvement in how participants rated their sleep.
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FDA Pregnancy Categories: Why the Letters Are Gone
FDA replaced A/B/C/D/X with fuller pregnancy and breastfeeding information. The change explains evidence and its limits instead of reducing them to a letter.
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Who Discovered Glutathione? The 1888–1929 Story
Joseph de Rey-Pailhade described its early chemistry in 1888. Hopkins named glutathione in 1921 and corrected its composition in 1929.
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Acmopatide Type 1 Diabetes: Small Blood Sugar Drop
A 111-person trial found weight loss and a small blood sugar change alongside insulin. Roche had already announced that development would stop.
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GLP-1 Liver Cancer Study: Prevention Is Unproven
A new study found lower liver-cancer rates in people with diabetes and viral hepatitis. It doesn't prove prevention or apply to every GLP-1 user.
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Bariatric Surgery After GLP-1: A Next Option
A new Cleveland Clinic study followed people who didn't tolerate semaglutide or tirzepatide, or lost little weight. Surgery remained a possible next step.
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Does Ozempic Make You Drink Less? Survey Findings
About 44% of drinkers in a national survey reported drinking less after starting a GLP-1 medicine. The study cannot show that Ozempic caused the change.
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GLP-1 for Prediabetes: What the New Study Found
A large health-record study linked GLP-1 medicines with better blood-sugar outcomes than metformin. Its early results don't settle which medicine fits you.
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Does NAD Decline With Age? Not in Healthy Blood
A new study found stable blood NAD in healthy men and higher levels with age in healthy women. Lower levels tracked heart and blood-vessel disease, without establishing a cause or treatment.
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Does Medicaid Cover Weight Loss Drugs? 1990 to Now
States can choose to cover weight-loss medicines. The framework began in 1990; the explicit weight-loss wording followed in 1993.
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Retatrutide Knee Osteoarthritis: What TRIUMPH-4 Found
Lilly's November 5 preview reports less knee pain in two retatrutide trials. The dose, placebo comparison and analysis behind each headline matter.
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TB-500 TGA Testing: What the Results Mean
Australia's regulator found missing TB-500 and low, inconsistent retatrutide amounts in one brand's tested products. Here is what the findings mean for prescribed care.
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Teen Obesity Treatment Study Finds a Wide Care Gap
About 9 in 10 adolescents who met the study’s surgery criteria had neither surgery nor one of the tracked weight medicines recorded in late 2025.
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What Are Endotoxins? Why Sterile Isn't Enough
Endotoxins are bacterial material that can remain after bacteria die. Sterility, chemical purity and endotoxin testing answer separate questions.
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What Is a Salt Form of a Drug? Names Explained
A salt form pairs a drug's active molecule with a charged partner. That can change its physical properties without establishing that different forms are interchangeable.
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